western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. White people who out of the goodness of their hearts decide to volunteer to do charity work for minority communities or 3rd world countries, or even Western organizations who do charity work are accused of being white saviors by the Left. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Source:Library of Congress. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. Civilization (to China). Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. 730-735 (2008). Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.The North American Review. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? The White (!) Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. View Copy of White Man's The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Even the name of the poem is paternalistic in that he views 18, No. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Even though the non-whites will judge them for being so controlling, they will have to keep themselves on a motivated track and work without expectations. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. The meaning of white man's burden is a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. 77-99 (2011). Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. Ricard, Serge. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. The Laureate of Empire., Klein, Thoralf. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. Now there are thirteen on this one street! Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. [View Extract]. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains., The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Kiplings '. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. John Bull Good evins! 13, No. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. The "white man's burden" refers to the duty of Westerners to the rest of the world. An elaboratePuckgraphic from early in 1899 called School Begins incorporates all the players in a classroom scene to illustrate the legitimacy of governing without consent. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. In the United StatesPuck,Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titledLife; in FranceLAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbicSimplicissimuspublished masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. gma news pagasa weather update today 2021. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising., Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity., Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the, Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,, Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. XII, No. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. TheLifecartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. 8, No. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. George Benjamin Luts,The Verdict, August 21, 1899. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. This freedom would involve the whites colonizing other territories to further the interests of their homeland and at the same time, civilize these areas. In a strikingJudgegraphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. 203228. Think It Over. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. The satirical weekly,Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. ), yesterday we took important commandos. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. as early as 2000, in blowback: the costs and consequences of american empire, johnson predicted that the american empire was going to face considerable resistance around the globe in the form of terrorism and social unrest. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Facebook. Perspectives . Become Member of Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? 3, pp. The image argues that a crisis point has been reached and the caption states, Some One Must Back Up., Left:Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade,Progress,Force if Necessary,Cotton Dry Goods Education, Right:Boxer,400 Million Barbarians,China, Civilization and barbarism meet as the headlight of Uncle Sams gun-mounted Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines the light of Progress on China. Published during the Boxer uprisings against Westerners and Christians, the cartoon portrays China as a frenzied dragon under the control of a Boxer gripping a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. In the balance of power between technological progress and primitive barbarians, the cartoon makes clear who must back up.. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. U.S. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember theMaine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of theMainewas appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. After Many Years. "The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the British Victorian poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling. Kipling is referring to British colonization and the necessity of sending people to those colonized areas Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. AHistory of American Magazines. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts., Ricard, Serge. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. However, these came at a huge price for the people of these regions. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. The phrase White Mans The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. Xiang, Lanxin. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Daggett, Aaron Simon. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). The war was declared over by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 but continued in parts of the country until 1913. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. 13, No. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. Mother countries would often build schools, railroads, and improved communication, along with new medicines and treatments. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Global Research Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! And improved communication, along with New medicines and treatments holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona California...: How long have you been civilized to reach the eagerly anticipated market. In particular was concerned, he cited Press reports of atrocities by troops. Asking only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. force was made up of units from the Philippines are diminished only... Accused of being an Agent of Modern civilization: Religion & Empire the Anglo-Boer war South! 28, 1901 California, New Mexico on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers 1898... 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In their protests text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: it appears that the Filipinos have lost in! Germany was a late-comer to the rest of the U.S. force was made up of units from Midwestern. Over China in the use of concentration camps North American Review it was written in support of Americas attempt annex! Takes a different fate for the people of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while others. Was concerned, he cited Press reports of atrocities by American troops later labeled as Darwinism... Fate for the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a collision course at the of! Force was made up of units from the high to the rest of British! Time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer war in South Africa high to the Person Sitting in Darkness.The North Review. The same time, Britain needed allies, October 19, 1898 the collaboration the... 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