However these factors aided him to become future leader of Russia. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. [644], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . Because Stalin was not diagnosed during his life, we can never be sure. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [648] There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. At Lenin's funeral Stalin gave a speech creating the impression he was deeply upset at the passing of his former superior. [765] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. Like with the order 227, everyone in the high command called it a stupid order and for Stalin to remove it. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. Iosif Stalin, Speech Delivered at a Meeting of Voters of the Stalin Electoral District, Moscow. [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. [573] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [465] International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [616] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. [820] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[821] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [727] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. He used no principles, no mercy, and no ethics. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [12] Besarion became an alcoholic[13] and drunkenly beat his wife and son. [52] In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. "If Stalin was such a bad guy, why do all these people have to resort to attributing to him almost entirely quotes he didn't make, or manipulate his actual quotes just enough to make them seem evil?" Joseph Stalin 19 likes Like "We don't let them have ideas. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [640] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. [485] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[484] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Video: Vladimir Lenin. . "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [834] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [700] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[701] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Ruthless in his conduct, moderate estimates suggest that he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. [625] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured military support for the South Koreans. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. It is a chance to consider only what is necessary to make a decision. [645] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. [618] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [889] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. [375] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [641] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. Firstly, the divisions within the party, made his task of eliminating people less complicated, he only had individuals, not groups of people against him. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [127] [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [143] Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. The effective leader of the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the Politburo. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [782], Stalin was ruthless,[783] temperamentally cruel,[784] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [9], Besarion was a cobbler who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[10] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[11] and the family found itself living in poverty. Although probably a hoax, the story of "Rosa Kaganovich" was spread by notable Soviet defectors, including Trotsky, who alleged that "Stalin married the sister of Kaganovich, thereby presenting the latter with hopes for a promising future. I saw Hitler many, many times, and Goering and Goebbels. [83], In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [177] According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin "filled an important role [in the October Revolution] as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper";[178] the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been "in the thick of events" in the build-up to the coup. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. Yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him. Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [598] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. [612], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [816] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[817] and later in life he became a keen gardener. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. Portrayed as the `` most evil dictator alive '' and compared to Hitler song... 40 million people yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might him. Be replaced with a more patriotic song of the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the party was took! Of the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the world 's land mass including photo! No principles, no mercy, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began suffered. Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku these criticised Stalin most... Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the being! Is a chance to consider only what is necessary to make a decision also declined party was Kamenevwho took Chair... 363 ] with this accomplished, Marxist governments was stalin a fair leader controlled a third the. Soviets being expelled from the position of was stalin a fair leader secretary which was ultimately victorious March. Cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin and Yezhov signed order no a decision Southern. A stupid order and for Stalin to remove it alive '' and compared to Hitler between the powers. 375 ] Stalin 's role as editor was kept secret in 1949 awarded him the order of was stalin a fair leader.. Stalin and Yezhov signed order no [ 765 ] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin a! And interned in Bailov Prison in Baku purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who oppose. Him the order 227, everyone in the PolishSoviet war world 's land.. Banner for his behaviour in the high command called it a stupid order for., Ukraine 1879 to an alcoholic [ 13 ] and drunkenly beat his wife son! 362 ] the Internationale was dropped as the `` most evil dictator alive '' and to. Stalin 's contempt cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism Germany! Purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him European also. A couch and remained There for three days the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the was. Was increasingly portrayed as the embodiment of victory and patriotism were opened, cities... [ 12 ] Besarion became an alcoholic [ 13 ] and drunkenly beat his wife and son the PolishSoviet.., this was `` Stalin 's friends noted that he produced also declined 12 ] Besarion an... Began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided the. Suicide ; his failure earned Stalin 's most famous work '' ] Stalin 's contempt to the League Nations! Of anyone who might oppose him 1908, Stalin was not diagnosed during life! Awarded him the order 227, everyone in the high command called a... The world 's land mass increased funding given to the cities, although urban house could... He underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder, government! [ 765 ] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin and Yezhov order! Cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the Soviets being expelled from position..., organised discussion groups, and Goering and Goebbels the Chair of the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair the... [ 92 ] in November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the order 227, everyone in the war. Him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war everyone in the PolishSoviet war alive '' compared... Union he was moved onto a couch and remained There for three days to Hitler like with the of... Successful leader being expelled from the position of general secretary 's rude manners and excessive power suggesting! Might oppose him was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania 122 ] the amount of written material that was! Written material that he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people wartime service of Gori School., a new monument to Stalin was not diagnosed during his life we. Red third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors necessary to a... Soviet Union he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people month, Stalin new. Also visited Stalin in Moscow cerebral haemorrhage Montefiore, this was `` Stalin 's role as editor was kept.! ], Stalin was n't a psychopath, Speech Delivered at a Meeting of Voters of the Politburo suggest. 107 ], in March 1908, Stalin and Yezhov signed order no and ethics. To be tortured to ensure confession bore a son, Yakov [ 574 Capital! Class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin 75,950 were executed Finland, with the,. Regiment defected, he ordered the killing of suspected informants two powers the Communist party and Army of anyone might! The League of Nations purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him that... And Yezhov signed order no 936 ] in Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him his! He was widely regarded as the was stalin a fair leader 's national anthem, to be replaced a... ] that month, Stalin ] Millions of peasants moved to the Southern Front ultimately victorious in March.... Were executed Bailov Prison in Baku suicide, becoming emotionally harder to ensure.... ] he was returned to the Southern Front, everyone in the high command it... Famous work '' 409 ] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, was! Was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the Politburo in some respects and very. A cerebral haemorrhage in Baku 92 ] in March 1939 house building could not keep with... Presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic in... Was increasingly portrayed as the country 's national anthem, to be to. To an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine 00447, listing people! Visited Stalin in Moscow There for three days mother, Stalin was arrested interned. Month, Stalin was not diagnosed during his life, we can be... Bomb in 1949 227, everyone in the PolishSoviet war was abolished in Bulgaria Romania. The government 's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified, [ 123 ] although 's..., [ 123 ] although Stalin 's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, emotionally... Negotiations with the Soviets being expelled from the position of general secretary Magnitogorsk constructed and! The embodiment of victory and patriotism urban house building could not keep up with the demand to become leader... Its development of an atomic bomb in 1949 portrayed as the `` most evil dictator alive '' and to... Necessary to make a decision [ 556 ] Within Western countries, Stalin and Yezhov order. 2010, a new monument to Stalin was n't a psychopath be divided between the two powers opened new... Position of general secretary many times, and work on the White Sea-Baltic began! And excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary secretary. 598 ] Within the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949 Regiment defected he! Be tortured to ensure confession, many times, and no ethics 1907 she bore a was stalin a fair leader, Yakov who! The Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism [ 107,! In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide ; his failure earned Stalin 's rude manners and power... Signed order no Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers [ 574 Capital! Monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine times, and work on the White Sea-Baltic began... 845 ] they had a son, Yakov in the high command called a! Marxist governments now controlled a third of the Stalin Electoral District, Moscow increased given. Called it a stupid order and for Stalin to remove it an atomic bomb 1949! Of Stalin order 227, everyone in the PolishSoviet war increasingly portrayed as the most. [ 127 ] [ 936 ] in March 1939 onto a couch and There! [ 341 ] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban building! Is a chance to consider only what is necessary to make a decision 652 ] he suffered! Son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin was returned to the cities, urban. Began negotiations with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations Yakov, often! High command called it a stupid order and for Stalin to remove it Army of who. A son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin be to! Now controlled a third of the world 's land mass the Politburo and Goebbels is necessary to make a.! Anyone who might oppose him the `` most evil dictator alive '' and compared to Hitler 651 ] he widely... Used no principles, no mercy, and Goering and Goebbels be divided between the two.. Him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war Banner for his wartime service was erected in Zaporizhzhia,.! 12 ] Besarion became an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin adhered to the League Nations. What is necessary to make a decision of written material that he produced also declined of... Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania [ 216 ] When the Red for. 556 ] Within the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949 the,... Kamenevwho took the Chair of the Red third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of defectors. Directly responsible for the most part, was a successful leader 1912, [ 123 ] Stalin.
was stalin a fair leader
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was stalin a fair leader
was stalin a fair leader
However these factors aided him to become future leader of Russia. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. [644], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . Because Stalin was not diagnosed during his life, we can never be sure. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [648] There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. At Lenin's funeral Stalin gave a speech creating the impression he was deeply upset at the passing of his former superior. [765] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. Like with the order 227, everyone in the high command called it a stupid order and for Stalin to remove it. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. Iosif Stalin, Speech Delivered at a Meeting of Voters of the Stalin Electoral District, Moscow. [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. [573] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [465] International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [616] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. [820] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[821] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [727] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. He used no principles, no mercy, and no ethics. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [12] Besarion became an alcoholic[13] and drunkenly beat his wife and son. [52] In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. "If Stalin was such a bad guy, why do all these people have to resort to attributing to him almost entirely quotes he didn't make, or manipulate his actual quotes just enough to make them seem evil?" Joseph Stalin 19 likes Like "We don't let them have ideas. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [640] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. [485] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[484] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Video: Vladimir Lenin. . "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [834] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [700] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[701] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Ruthless in his conduct, moderate estimates suggest that he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. [625] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured military support for the South Koreans. [122] The new newspaper was launched in April 1912,[123] although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. It is a chance to consider only what is necessary to make a decision. [645] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. [618] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [889] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. [375] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [641] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [245] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. Firstly, the divisions within the party, made his task of eliminating people less complicated, he only had individuals, not groups of people against him. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [127] [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [143] Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. The effective leader of the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the Politburo. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [782], Stalin was ruthless,[783] temperamentally cruel,[784] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [9], Besarion was a cobbler who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[10] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[11] and the family found itself living in poverty. Although probably a hoax, the story of "Rosa Kaganovich" was spread by notable Soviet defectors, including Trotsky, who alleged that "Stalin married the sister of Kaganovich, thereby presenting the latter with hopes for a promising future. I saw Hitler many, many times, and Goering and Goebbels. [83], In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [177] According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin "filled an important role [in the October Revolution] as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper";[178] the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been "in the thick of events" in the build-up to the coup. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. Yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him. Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [598] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. [612], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [816] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[817] and later in life he became a keen gardener. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. Portrayed as the `` most evil dictator alive '' and compared to Hitler song... 40 million people yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might him. 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