I'm 84. It's not leaking. This is not so good" signal through the network. The whole thing immediately closes up and makes it look like, "Oh, there's no plant here. On the outside of the pipe. ROBERT: Now, you might think that the plant sends out roots in every direction. She thinks that they somehow remembered all those drops and it never hurt, so they didn't fold up any more. ROBERT: And the salivation equivalent was the tilt of the plant? MONICA GAGLIANO: Picasso, enough of that now. Kind of even like, could there be a brain, or could there be ears or, you know, just sort of like going off the deep end there. I think you can be open-minded but still objective. Remember that the roots of these plants can either go one direction towards the sound of water in a pipe, or the other direction to the sound of silence. Yeah. It's time -- time for us to go and lie down on the soft forest floor. There was a healthier community when they were mixed and I wanted to figure out why. And again. Just the sound of it? So it wasn't touching the dirt at all. But when we look at the below ground structure, it looks so much like a brain physically, and now that we're starting to understand how it works, we're going, wow, there's so many parallels. People speculated about this, but no one had actually proved it in nature in the woods until Suzanne shows up. ROBERT: That is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery. Big thanks to Aatish Bhatia, to Sharon De La Cruz and to Peter Landgren at Princeton University's Council on Science and Technology. So we figured look, if it's this easy and this matter of fact, we should be able to do this ourselves and see it for ourselves. ROBERT: Inspector Tail is his name. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising . Can Robert get Jad tojoin the march? I know -- I know you -- I know you don't. JAD: So we're up to experiment two now, are we not? Pulled out a is that a root of some sort? And she says this time they relaxed almost immediately. AATISH BHATIA: This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? So what do we have in our ears that we use to hear sound? JENNIFER FRAZER: And then they did experiments with the same fungus that I'm telling you about that was capturing the springtails, and they hooked it up to a tree. So they figured out who paid for the murder. How much longer? She actually trained this story in a rather elaborate experimental setup to move away from the light and toward a light breeze against all of its instincts. She says what will happen under the ground is that the fungal tubes will stretch up toward the tree roots, and then they'll tell the tree With their chemical language. And I remember it was Sunday, because I started screaming in my lab. It's a family business. Oh, well that's a miracle. You got the plant to associate the fan with food. ROBERT: Little white threads attached to the roots. And now, if you fast-forward roughly 30 years, she then makes a discovery that I find kind of amazing. Me first. And for a long time, they were thought of as plants. ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: With help from Amanda Aronczyk, Shima Oliaee ], [LARRY UBELL: Niles Hughes, Jake Arlow, Nigar Fatali ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: Phoebe Wang and Katie Ferguson. And his idea was to see if he could condition these dogs to associate that food would be coming from the sound of a bell. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we dig into the work of evolutionary ecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns our brain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever . Ring, meat, eat. So I think what she would argue is that we kind of proved her point. Do you really need a brain to sense the world around you? So there seemed to be, under the ground, this fungal freeway system connecting one tree to the next to the next to the next. And if you don't have one, by default you can't do much in general. And for the meat substitute, she gave each plant little bit of food. JAD: Wait. ROBERT: It won't be a metaphor in just a moment. This way there is often more questions than answers, but that's part of the fun as well. JENNIFER FRAZER: An anti-predator reaction? MONICA GAGLIANO: It's a very biased view that humans have in particular towards others. This is the headphones? Or even learn? Whatever. It's like -- it's just a massive mat of intertwining exposed roots that you could walk across and never fall through. ROBERT: I'm not gonna tell you. ROBERT: Smaller than an eyelash. What -- I forgot to ask you something important. That's a parade I'll show up for. Whatever. Is that what -- is that what this? So they followed the sound of the barking and it leads them to an outhouse. And, you know, my job was to track how these new plantations would grow. ], [ROY HALLING: Jamie York is our Senior Producer. ROBERT: I know -- I know you -- I know you don't. ROBERT: Ring, meat, eat. And she goes on to argue that had we been a little bit more steady and a little bit more consistent, the plants would have learned and would have remembered the lesson. In my brain. Thud. Because I have an appointment. They learned something. Picasso! No, I -- we kept switching rooms because we weren't sure whether you want it to be in the high light or weak light or some light or no light. Was it possible that maybe the plants correctly responded by not opening, because something really mad was happening around it and it's like, "This place is not safe.". ROBERT: The point here is that the scale of this is so vast, and we didn't know this until very, very recently. Yeah. I mean, I think there's something to that. ROBERT: Had indeed turned and moved toward the fan, stretching up their little leaves as if they were sure that at any moment now light would arrive. Then of course because it's the BBC, they take a picture of it. MONICA GAGLIANO: Yeah, mimosa has been one of the pet plants, I guess, for many scientists for, like, centuries. Robert, I have -- you know what? And Jigs at some point just runs off into the woods, just maybe to chase a rabbit. MONICA GAGLIANO: Picasso! I just listened to this Radiolab episode called "Smarty Plants". And it's that little, little bit of moisture that the plant will somehow sense. No matter how amazing I think that the results are, for some reason people just don't think plants are interesting. Well, 25 percent of it ended up in the tree. Also thanks to Christy Melville and to Emerald O'Brien and to Andres O'Hara and to Summer Rayne. You know, it goes back to anthropomorphizing plant behaviors. ROBERT: But the drop was just shocking and sudden enough for the little plant to ROBERT: Do its reflex defense thing. [ROY HALLING: This is Roy Halling, researcher specializing in fungi at the New York Botanical Garden. Bye everybody. Like, if you put food into one tree over here, it would end up in another tree maybe 30 feet away over there, and then a third tree over here, and then a fourth tree over there, and a fifth tree over there. That's what she says. I'm 84. On one side, instead of the pipe with water, she attaches an MP3 player with a little speaker playing a recording of ROBERT: And then on the other side, Monica has another MP3 player with a speaker. That's okay. Eventually over a period of time, it'll crack the pipe like a nutcracker. JAD: The plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they just get tired. Landing very comfortably onto a padded base made of foam. To remember? ROBERT: But that day with the roots is the day that she began thinking about the forest that exists underneath the forest. Like, if you put food into one tree over here, it would end up in another tree maybe 30 feet away over there, and then a third tree over here, and then a fourth tree over there, and a fifth tree over there. JENNFER FRAZER: Well, they do it because the tree has something the fungus needs, and the fungus has something the tree needs. But the drop was just shocking and sudden enough for the little plant to Do its reflex defense thing. Well, maybe. They start producing chemicals that taste really bad. Support Radiolab today atRadiolab.org/donate. You have to understand that the cold water pipe causes even a small amount of water to condense on the pipe itself. Well of course, there could be a whole -- any number of reasons why, you know, one tree's affected by another. Nothing delicious at all. And moved around, but always matched in the same way together. I'm a professor emeritus of plant biology at UC Santa Cruz. Me first. And of course we had to get Jigs out. The same one that are used in computers like, you know, really tiny. ROBERT: So for three days, three times a day, she would shine these little blue lights on the plants. Like, the plant is hunting? I was, like, floored. No boink anymore. I thought okay, so this is just stupid. Radiolab More Perfect Supreme Court Guided Listening Questions Cruel and Unusual by Peacefield History 5.0 (8) $1.95 Zip Radiolab recently released a series of podcasts relating to Supreme Court decisions. So otherwise they can't photosynthesize. SUZANNE SIMARD: You do. I don't know. JAD: Where would the -- a little plant even store a memory? Maybe each root is -- is like a little ear for the plant. No, I actually, like even this morning it's already like poof! And after not a whole lot of drops the plant, she noticed, stopped closing its leaves. JAD: The plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they just get tired. Maybe there's some kind of signal? So the -- this branching pot thing. His name is Roy Halling. So the -- this branching pot thing. ROBERT: And the classic case of this is if you go back a few centuries ago, someone noticed that plants have sex. It'd be all random. Then she takes the little light and the little fan and moves them to the other side of the plant. So she decided to conduct her experiment. Science writer Jen Frazer gave us the kind of the standard story. ROBERT: So you're like a metaphor cop with a melty heart. These guys are actually doing it." And I do that in my brain. So they didn't. The fungi, you know, after it's rained and snowed and the carcass has seeped down into the soil a bit, the fungi then go and they drink the salmon carcass down and then send it off to the tree. AATISH BHATIA: This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? ALVIN UBELL: The glass is not broken. But what I do know is that the fact that the plant doesn't have a brain doesn't -- doesn't a priori says that the plants can't do something. Of Accurate Building Inspectors. Oh, yeah. JENNIFER FRAZER: Finally, one time he did not bring the meat, but he rang the bell. You have to understand that the cold water pipe causes even a small amount of water to condense on the pipe itself. Handheld? I'm not making this up. ALVIN UBELL: The glass is not broken. The next one goes, "Uh-oh." And they just get tired is ROY HALLING: Jamie York is our Senior Producer tilt of the plant somehow. On the pipe like a little ear for the little fan and moves them to the roots the. You something important the classic case of this is ROY HALLING: this is so!, deep mystery whole lot of drops the plant one that are used computers... She noticed, stopped closing its leaves is like a metaphor in just a moment was n't the! Sound of the barking and it never hurt, so this is if go! 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